Ada₂₀₂₂ a introduit la notion de delta aggregate permettant de modifier un objet sans passer nécessairement par une ou des données intermédiaires.
Cette fonctionnalité s’applique aussi bien aux structures qu’aux tableaux unidimensionnels.
Depuis plus de 20 ans, Systerel est reconnue pour son expertise en développement de logiciels critiques, notamment dans le secteur ferroviaire où la norme EN 50128 est le standard de référence. Elle sera définitivement annulée à l’horizon 2026, au profit de la norme EN 50716, qui assure la continuité avec son aînée tout en apportant son lot d’améliorations et de nouveautés.
Dans cet article, nous proposons de revisiter le contexte, puis d’apporter et partager quelques réflexions sur l’EN 50716.
Le langage Ada est, par construction, contraint et il n’est par exemple pas aisé de parser facilement des chaînes de caractères.
Même si l’environnement Ada offre des services intéressants, il faut bien avouer que la possibilité d’utiliser des expressions régulières serait un plus.
The S2OPC team is proud to announce the 1.5.1 release of S2OPC.
The main new features are the availability of a demo server implementing the
Push Management model according to the OPC UA part 12 (see issue
#1247), and a hook to re-evaluate X509IdentityToken certificates for all sessions (on server side,
see issue #1370).
Dans le cadre d’un portage Ada que nous avons réalisé pour un de nos clients, et en accord avec ce dernier, nous avons reconsidéré la façon dont l’application originelle en mode console gérait les traces et les logs.
Le système de traces et de logs souffrait des limitations suivantes :
In October 2023, Systerel received the Security Visa from the French National Cybersecurity Agency (ANSSI) for the CSPN (First Level Security Certification) of its product: S2OPC. This achievement gives us the opportunity to focus on what the CSPN is and to provide feedback on the certification process.
Configurer un logiciel peut se faire de différentes façons. La première
est, par exemple, d’utiliser des options sur la ligne de commande. Cela
se fait au travers du paquetage Ada.Command_Line ou encore plus
simplement au travers du paquetage GNAT.Command_Line qui permet de
définir et de traiter simplement les options d’une ligne de commande.
L’objet de cet article est de montrer au travers d’un exemple complet quelques évolutions apportées par le langage Ada₂₀₂₂. Nous allons faire ici un bref focus sur :
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OVADO²® est un outil RATP qualifié et extensible, dédié à la validation formelle des données de configuration des logiciels et systèmes. L’article Generating and verifying configuration data with OVADO²® décrit une utilisation d’OVADO²® dans le cadre d’un projet SIL4 de génération formelle de données de configuration.
Dans le cadre de certains portages Ada, on peut souhaiter continuer à faire vivre un temps le code legacy tout en commençant à utiliser le code porté.
Si, à l’issue du portage, on découvre un problème ou une évolution dans le code legacy, on devra alors reporter les modifications induites dans le code porté. On peut aussi avoir la situation inverse. En d’autres termes, les codes devront coexister.
Dans la littérature, on trouve une taxinomie des bugs teintée d’humour, mais non dépourvue d’une certaine réalité.
Pour assurer un certain nombre de services au sein de votre application Ada, il peut être intéressant et élégant d’utiliser des applications déjà existantes. Par exemple, si je dois faire des requêtes FTP, il est évidemment plus simple d’utiliser le client du même nom. Si l’application que vous voulez utiliser est en mode interactif (c’est le cas de la commande ftp) alors, la tâche risque d’être ardue.
In the Industry 4.0 context, data are a valuable asset that must be protected. OPC UA PubSub enables secure and interoperable solutions, but authentication of IIoT devices remains a sensitive issue. This article presents a novel approach based on open source software, using a Trusted Platform Module to protect secrets on devices, and evaluate the security level on a predictive maintenance use case.
The OVADO²®1 tool has been used for more than a decade to formally check whether system configuration data comply with their rules in the context of railway systems2. OVADO²® is currently deployed in SIL4 processes compliant with the safety requirements of the CENELEC EN 50128 standard. In these processes, it is considered a T2-class tool since it only helps to verify the system. This article describes how the OVADO²® tool has been used, for the first time, by Systerel to formally generate equipment configuration data derived from the system configuration data.
Formal methods to control the compliance of software implementations
Back-to-back testing (B2BT) techniques are used to verify that two products of a software development process are equivalent. By running the two products “back to back” on a set of test cases, it is verified that they produce the same output. If the scenarios are chosen carefully and the two runs produce the same results, it can be inferred that the two products are equivalent with some level of confidence.
Dans le cadre d’un projet réalisé pour l’un de ses clients, Systerel a dû trouver et mettre en œuvre une solution permettant d’intégrer au sein d’une application Ada2012 un mécanisme permettant de modifier simplement et à la volée le comportement de cette dernière sans avoir à modifier et donc à recompiler le code Ada2012 mis en œuvre.
Dans la phase de construction ou de rénovation de bâtiments, un soin tout particulier doit être apporté à la mise en place d’échafaudages. Ces derniers permettent un accès au chantier efficace et sûr pour les artisans et le matériel.
Pour le développement d’une application, c’est exactement la même chose, votre échafaudage sera ici l’environnement de développement.
Au travers de l’article Démarche de portage d’un “legacy” Ada nous avions présenté les principaux problèmes pouvant être rencontrés lors d’un portage d’un legacy Ada et la façon de les adresser au mieux. L’approche ainsi proposée était « classique » et elle ne faisait aucunement appel aux méthodes formelles au travers par exemple de la technologie SPARK.
Dans le présent article, nous allons vous présenter en quoi la technologie SPARK peut conforter cette approche « classique ».
Depuis maintenant une bonne dizaine d’années, les industriels doivent mener à bien des programmes de rénovation de systèmes développés en moyenne depuis plus de vingt ans. Ces rénovations impliquent généralement une remise à niveau aussi bien matérielle que logicielle.
Dans ce cadre, Systerel accompagne ses clients et ce dans des secteurs aussi variés que le transport, la défense ou l’avionique.
Ces développements nous ont ainsi amenés à avoir une réflexion rétrospective sur les changements opérés depuis plus de vingt ans sur la façon de développer du logiciel critique.
The software B method has so far been mainly used in the industrial world to develop safety critical software with very basic memory management limited to arrays of fixed size defined at compilation time.
We present here an alternative approach for modelling software based on a more classic memory management with dynamically allocated complex data structures accessed through pointers.
Systerel introduces the latest member in Systerel Smart Solver family: Multi-Agent Smart Solver (MASS). MASS significantly reduces proof wall clock time for the user, using extensible computing clusters.
Implementing the various components of a software project can be a tedious task. This is why, for many years, a set of tools has been developed to facilitate, secure and systematize it.
This article is an introduction to one of the existing solutions named GNAT GPR (Gnat PRoject).
OPC UA client/server protocol security is based on application certificates, each application shall trust each other. Determining if a certificate is trusted might include verification of a trust chain in cases that were not expected at first sight. This article explains how to validate a certificate to pass OPC UA certification 1 and hence how to configure correctly certificate validation to ensure your application certificate is accepted.
Porting an Ada legacy software can be a delicate task despite the intrinsic qualities of the Ada language such as, for example, its true portability. This article identifies the main problems that may be encountered and how they can best be addressed.
This article is about the Ada language but, in terms of approach, some points are transposable to other languages.
The benefits of open source
Following the INGOPCS R&D project initiated with the support of the ANSSI, Systerel has built upon its experience of safe critical systems to develop a free and secure OPC UA stack under the Apache 2.0 license: Safe and Secure OPC (S2OPC).
In this article, we will give an overview of OPC UA, describe the S2OPC product, and then focus on the benefits and challenges of the open source approach for such a development.
This post is the second in the series. The previous one described the Publish/Subscribe pattern and analysed MQTT, MQTT-SN and DDS specifications. This article will continue the analysis of other protocols including OPC-UA PubSub, according to the characteristics highlighted in previous post.
This series of two posts presents an overview of the Publish/Subscribe pattern and analyses the features of some Pub/Sub implementations.
The publish subscribe pattern is a messaging pattern, where publishers publish messages to topics and subscribers subscribe to topics to receive messages. In this pattern, publishers and subscribers are not directly connected to each other (loosely coupling).
Mininet is a network emulator. With Mininet, it is possible to create virtual hosts linked through virtual switches and links. Programs are executed on a single machine, but on different virtual hosts. This creates a network test bench which emulates complex (possibly corrupted or degraded) topologies.
As network emulation is run on a single machine, it is easy to automate tests and run them frequently.
Some systems are constructed by instantiating some generic design patterns on a collection of items (i.e. data). In the railway industry, the most widespread use of this mechanism is found for IXL, and to a lesser extend track-side ERTMS and CBTC systems.
While the overall structure of the S3 solutions dedicated to these kind of systems is not very different from that of the “standard” solutions described in the post about S3 workflow, they still admit some specificities. This section follows the structure of the aforementioned post and address these specificities.
This section will focus on IXL systems, but most of it could be adapted to other instantiated systems.
This post gives a generic description of the S3-based formal safety verification workflows. It starts with a short description of typical safety critical system development processes used in the industry. The two next section gives respectively a brief introduction to the S3 Modeling Languages, and a description of the development of the Safety Specification against which the system is to be verified. The rest of the section presents the S3 workflows together with the architecture and techniques used to ensure the trustworthiness of the solution.
The ever-rising use of software-based systems to fulfill safety-critical missions calls for methods to ensure the adequacy of these systems to their missions. Most industrial sectors have brought an answer in the form of standards such as EN-50128 for railways, DO-178C for aviation, ISO-26262 for automotive, or more generally IEC-61508 for critical systems. All these standards have in common the central role given to test-based validation techniques. However, alternate and usually complementary techniques, grouped under the banner of “Formal Methods”, are gaining increasing attention for the development and validation of these systems. In particular, the “Model Checking” technique has seen the multiplication of its application fields in the last decade.
Formal Verification is the act of mathematically proving that a system respects some properties under a number of hypotheses. When such a property is proved to hold, it means that it is impossible to find an input scenario satisfying the hypotheses in which the system would falsify this property.
Systerel Smart Solver (S3) is a formal verification solution able to perform a proof of the safety of a critical system after its design (i.e. a posteriori). This solution, combining a specialized modeling language (HLL) with a SAT-based symbolic model checker, has shown to be particularly efficient in handling industrial-size critical systems coming from various domains such as railways or avionics.
Developing a chess game can be a difficult task. This article shows how the implementation of a number of paradigms and services underpinned by Ada 2012 makes it possible to ease this task.
Systerel opens its blog dedicated to technical topics. You will find there some articles related to Systerel products such as Systerel Smart Solver or S2OPC, but also articles providing feedback on how we work and on the implementation of technologies that we consider interesting in our production environments.
In this way, we imagine that we can provide you with better information on our products and how we work, but also technical guides to address some problems.
Do not hesitate to share back your comments.
Have a good read.